Before Islam and Christianity, Egypt was dominated by the religion of Maat.Maat (Ma'at) - the central and perhaps most important concept of pharaonic Egypt, one of the greatest achievements of Egyptian culture. "Justice", "order and balance" and "truth". As an all-encompassing cosmic force, it constantly puts in order the universe created by the gods. It is a delicate, "primordial harmony" that must be constantly nurtured, maintained and established. Maat is an order that promises durability and imperishability, so it plays a central role in the transition to the other world, to eternal life.lMaat is also a political order, establishing social justice among people, liberating them from brutal violence and the law of the stronger. She is "unifying justice", the state exists because of Maat.I invite you to listen, regardless of whether the history and mythology of Egypt is an entirely new field for you, or, like me, you are a maniac about the past of the land of the pharaohs. I invite you to hear the entire story, which I narrate in a captivating ASMR (Sleep Story) way. So tune in and enjoy!Join me on an incredible journey through Egyptian history and mythology! If you enjoy my videos and would like to support me here’s my Patreon account: / ancientsitesgirl Here are some of my podcasts:Egyptian Book of the Dead: • Egyptian Book of the Dead EXPLAINED -... Story of Anubis - Mummification God Explained | History Podcast https: // • The ENTIRE Story of Anubis - Mummific...
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0:04 [Music] mat the Central and perhaps most important concept of fonic Egypt one of 0:13 the greatest achievements of Egyptian culture Justice order and balance and 0:21 Truth as an all encompassing Cosmic force it constantly puts in order the 0:27 universe created by the gods it's a delicate primordial Harmony that must be 0:33 constantly nurtured maintained and established m is an order that promises 0:40 durability and endurance so it plays a central role in the transition to the 0:45 other world to eternal life m is also a political order 0:52 establishing social justice among people liberating them from brutal violence and 0:57 the law of the stronger she is UN fing Justice the state exists because of M 1:04 the gods establish the position of the king to perform mad on Earth calm the to 1:10 lands and drive away evil from them mad performed in word and deed also becomes 1:19 life wisdom but above all as we will see today m is the true face of Egyptian 1:25 religion 1:31 hello everyone my name is Ira welcome to my channel Ancient sides girl I invite 1:37 you to a podcast about the history of ancient Egypt this time I'll try to introduce you to the ancient concept of 1:44 mad probably the most enduring element of Egyptian culture present at least 1:50 from the early dynastic times to late Antiquity as usual we'll use original 1:56 ancient Egyptian sources 2:03 any attempt to translate the single word m seems to be inadequate it's an 2:08 abstract concept encompassing Cosmic order and balance as well as Divine Law 2:14 but also human Law And Justice morality unity and prosperity of the state piety 2:20 and worship m is at the very center of the Egyptian vision of the world it is 2:27 truth and all that is right and good good one could therefore call the religion of fonic Egypt the religion of 2:35 mat or more broadly the culture of fonic Egypt was the culture of 2:41 [Music] M since the hieroglyphic writing didn't 2:47 use vowels in order to learn the original vocalization of this word researchers used a Cadian uniform 2:55 records of the names of the Pharaohs who as we know eagerly referred to to M for 3:01 example the throne name of rasis the great was us Matra set that is the 3:08 justice of Rah is powerful chosen by [Music] 3:14 raah the name of hatut who reigned 200 years earlier was 3:21 Madar truth is the castle of R so it's through uniform records as well as later 3:29 Coptic writings that is believed that the word was originally pronounced M 3:34 with the letter t as the feminine ending the verb ma meant to lead to direct to 3:43 judge but also to offer mat was written in various ways 3:50 using different hieroglyphic signs but usually the writing included a schematically depicted ostrich feather 3:57 the true symbol of M the feather a general symbol of Holiness symbolized 4:03 air and wind and was also one of the attributes of the god Shu the first 4:10 creation of the great de atum Shu symbolizing dry air and the atmosphere 4:17 separating the Earth from the heavens together with his sister teut moisture 4:23 were the first pair of gods from which the earth and the heavens were born and 4:29 air was created at the very beginning of Creation The First Time Z tappy and trut 4:37 represented its opposite aspects fonic texts emphasized the windy 4:46 nature of M inhaled like the air necessary for Life an immaterial 4:52 invisible substance omnipresent and all encompassing according to the White 5:00 accepted in ancient Egypt almost canonical heliopolitan version of the creation of the world when the self-born 5:07 atum stood on the first land the mythical Mount benan that emerged from 5:13 the vastness of the Primeval dark and baren ocean noon he gave out his first 5:19 breath and his first fluids depending on the version of the myth these were 5:25 either saliva vomit or seed 5:31 then he gave birth to their first Children air and moisture as well as 5:36 hecka a magical power necessary for creating the universe Shu himself was 5:43 sometimes identified with this power his mythical sister and wife tefnut although 5:49 essential for giving birth to subsequent Gods only the Creator atum himself didn't need a female counterpart was 5:57 initially a secondary figure in mogy in time however when in accordance with the 6:03 solar theology the Pharaoh the son of the son atuma began to be identified 6:10 with the god Shu teut was also given a new special 6:15 meaning in the ferary texts of the Middle Kingdom from 4,000 years ago 6:21 known as the coffin text we find an interesting fragment the so-called spell 6:27 80 quote thus said atum teut is my living daughter and she shall be with her 6:34 brother Shu living one is his name mad is her name I live with my two children 6:42 I live with my two fledglings for I am in the midst of them both of them follow 6:48 after my body and I lie down and live with my daughter mat one within me and 6:55 one behind me I stand up because of them both their arms being about 7:03 me thus sh is life and teut is mad in 7:08 the same text we come across a dialogue between the Creator and the primordial ocean n 7:16 quote thus said atum t num I am in the flood waters very tired and my limbs are 7:24 helpless it is Gab who leaves and lifts up my heart he feeds my heart heart he 7:30 has gathered together the very tired limbs of my heart no said to 7:36 atum kiss your daughter mad lay her by your nose that your heart may live for 7:44 she will not be far from you m is your daughter and your son is Shu whose name 7:51 lives eat of your daughter 7:56 M teot the mother of the Gods the Life Giving moist wind from the north as 8:03 described in the fonic text The Goddess of Life her mysterious nature defines 8:10 the nature of M furthermore the placement of M at the very beginning of creation is the recognition of Divine 8:17 Law as natural law and objective truth interestingly some researchers see 8:25 in the spell 80 a theological similarity to the Christian Holy 8:31 Trinity the Creator the father gutb releases from himself life and Truth 8:38 their Dynamic creative power and M which gives Direction and boundaries to 8:44 unlimited movement M like a delicate net ties 8:50 together the constantly expanding Universe both Shu tefnut hecka and mad 8:58 are only aspects of their creator as According to some researchers all 9:03 Egyptian gods as such mat was permanently linked 9:10 to the king as given by the will of God's spouse the Pharaoh is thus the living one and the Beloved of M and the 9:18 perpetuation of creation was according to the ancient Egyptians one of his most 9:24 important tasks the Pharaoh isn't another desperate but they ruler directly 9:30 responsible to both M and ra even if he uses the title of Son of God or even 9:37 Living God his role is greater than that of all other Sun worshippers put 9:42 together the king is the one who brings M who publicly makes an offering of M to 9:49 the son the son with whom according to heliopolitan theology the Creator was 9:55 identified the great God the tumra a according to spell 80 of their coffin 10:01 text and other Egyptian records Aura feeds on M absorbing it sometimes with a 10:09 breath sight kiss or simply swallowing 10:14 it so he feeds on mat which the Pharaoh brings him as a sacrifice providing mat 10:21 is therefore one of the most important duties of the king entitled as the one 10:27 who brings her the Pharaoh is essential to maintaining 10:32 process of creation he is one of the Pillars of Creation who delivers M made 10:39 on Earth to its hungry Defenders Gods who heroically struggle with the forces 10:45 of chaos powerful Gods who however need the support of people so that the sun 10:52 can rise again in the morning so that the endless Cosmic Waters of noon will 10:58 not force the Heavenly Shield the celestial body of the goddess of the sky 11:04 n supported high above the Earth by her great father 11:10 Sho every day and every night in the heavens an epic battle takes place 11:15 between the Defenders of creation and the forces of chaos among others represented by the cosmic serpent apep 11:23 the enemy of the Sun and all creation personifying the destructive aspect of 11:28 the prim evil ocean in nun more mad means less chaos the 11:38 Egyptians were aware of the great responsibility they had for the survival of the 11:43 universe they didn't distinguish between m in life social and political order 11:50 balance truth in interpersonal relations and M which established order and 11:55 balance in the cosmos it was the same mad all encompassing omnipresent Force 12:03 the fate of the universe depended largely on their behavior even in their 12:08 personal lives daily sacrifices from M were among the most important elements 12:14 of the religion of M they were based on a kind of reciprocity the gods were given back a 12:22 gift previously received from them it was particularly important to provide m 12:28 to the the Sun as it was the source of its vital force that is it was the car 12:35 of the Sun that kept it alive interestingly this is evidenced by the throne name of their famous hatut 12:44 m m is the car of 12:52 RA as a cosmic ordering Force m is often depicted especially in the New Kingdom 12:59 16th to 11th centuries BC in personal form as a goddess she was portrayed as a 13:06 beautiful woman always wearing a diadem decorated with a feather depictions of 13:12 the winged mat are particularly popular in a new kingdom tombs in a protective 13:17 gesture she Embraces the Royal coues with her multicolored Wings it's these 13:24 depictions that are usually seen by visitors entering the Royal tomb of the 13:29 Valley of the Kings in Western thieves this godess M although equipped 13:37 with all the Divine attributes wasn't the object of worship of the ancient Egyptians who were aware of her primary 13:45 role as a universal Cosmic force a law that applies not only to themselves but 13:52 also to the gods it was clear that M was more than just another goddess hence we 13:59 won't find her temples but only a few chapels dedicated to her various 14:06 aspects if aad were a goddess then essentially all of Egypt would be her 14:15 [Music] Temple of course as she was called into 14:22 existence at the very beginning of creation she could be considered the daughter of the creator atum who in turn 14:30 was identified with the son itself so in some texts she is called the daughter of 14:35 Rah like the mythological teut or haur mat was also sometimes called the eye of 14:43 raah a powerful destructive weapon of the sun imagined among others in the 14:49 form of Urus a snake adorning the king's 14:54 crown mat as the eye of R guides rather than destroys in the him toat in the 15:02 thant Tomb of ramases the 6 from the 12th century BC we 15:07 read hail eye of r with which he leaves day by day before which that gut in the 15:14 back of the shrine trembles which came forth shining from the forehead of him 15:20 who begot it serpent above the forehead who came forth from his forehead you are 15:27 radiant you are she who lead him who proclaims the law for him with a hidden 15:32 name who is Justified before the nine Lady of Tera great loftiness M by whom 15:40 Rah is Happy who calms both lands for him through what she commands the 15:50 gods although mat as a universal Cosmic force was certainly worshiped already in 15:56 the early dynastic period in the Old King them it was clearly associated with 16:01 the solar cult sometimes it was shown in a personal form standing on the prow of 16:07 a solar bark as leading opening the ways for the sun mat is the force that gives 16:15 direction to the course of the Sun and thus directs the entire 16:22 universe for the Egyptians the cosmos was more of a process than a place as 16:28 they believed the course of the sun is the cosmos and mat regulates its path 16:33 steers the solar bark balances and allows the process to continue m in 16:39 personal form as a goddess the crew member of the solar bark also appears in 16:45 the Book of the Dead quote Thou shalt behold Horus standing 16:51 on the Pilot's place in the boat and Toth and M shall stand one on each side 16:59 of him in fact Matt was so strongly 17:04 connected with the solar C that even during the Revolutionary rule of akatan 17:10 it was sparred akatan who ruthlessly dealt with the centuries old religious 17:15 traditions of Egypt by establishing in the second half of the 14th century BC 17:21 The Cult of the only God Aton the solar disc of course aatan mat was above all 17:29 his will he titled himself as the living atan the great one who is 17:36 in Jubilee master of all that the Aton en circles Master Of Heaven Master of 17:43 the earth Master of the peran in akatan and the king of Upper and Lower Egypt 17:50 the one living on M lord of the two lands living on Mad master of regalia AK 18:07 K apart from the cosmic order of M the living were Bound by its social order M 18:14 as a State Building Concept the state existed so that M 18:20 could Prevail on earth and the guarantor of establishing the divine order was of course the king the actions of the 18:27 Pharaoh were interpreted as repeating the Act of Creation its continuation 18:32 precisely through the establishment of ma in turn the institution of the King 18:40 was established by the Creator so that the Pharaoh could realize mat among the 18:46 people without a king both the cosmic and social order 18:51 collapsed the rasit Papyrus Salia 1 describes a series of cataclysms caused 18:58 by the lack of King and then restoration of order quote Rejoice all of the land 19:06 the good time has come the Lord may he live in happiness and health has revealed himself to all the lands mad 19:13 has returned to its place all you who are righteous come and see mad has 19:19 forced iniquity to give way the wicked have fallen on their faces the greedy 19:25 are all despised together the water stand and does not dry up the flood Rises High 19:33 the days are long the nights have hours the moon comes at its proper 19:42 time the violation of Divine Law was supposed to have occurred for the first time very early according to the oyan 19:50 mths somewhere at the end of the first time Zep tapy the god of barrenness 19:56 desert and storm set and annihilated his brother Osiris disturbing M for the 20:02 first time he thus became the one who brings 20:07 chaos their fratricidal act and then their Lawless and unjust rule of set led 20:12 to Great cataclysms natural disasters also accompany the rebellion and Escape of 20:18 the daughter of the Sun teut in the Solar myth of the wering gaess her 20:24 escape from Egypt causes A disruption of the Nile floods and drought her return 20:29 was celebrated in fonic Egypt as the return of 20:35 ma m as it was believed is never lost once and for all all depravities of the 20:41 original states and crisis can be stopped by the Pharaoh his power is of a 20:46 healing nature his interventions restore the states that existed before the first 20:52 sin on the Royal inscriptions of all periods we learn about the new Zep tapy 20:58 they establish ablished besides the Pharaohs were particularly Keen to compare themselves 21:04 to their creator with whom they were probably identified already at the very beginning in predynastic times perhaps 21:12 the concept of M was born then but there's no evidence for such a claim it 21:17 seems however that M could have been originally an ideology justifying the 21:23 inheritance of Power by the Chiefs the First Kings over the early prehistoric 21:28 societies of 21:36 Egypt the earliest evidence of the existence of mat seems to be the name of 21:41 a king of the second Dynasty seip peran M from the 28th Century BC this is the 21:49 Horus name of this early dynastic Kula his Sak which contains for the first 21:55 time in Egyptian history an additional epithet on the seals of seip found in Sakara we 22:02 read peran mad which means House of 22:08 M the concept of M May therefore be much older than the solar cult introduced 22:14 only in the pyramid age the Old Kingdom established by joser 22:20 in the 27th century BC is the Triumph of M as a state ideology especially during 22:27 the third and fourth dynasties there was practically no distinction between the 22:32 terms God and King pharaohs such as joser snafu or kufu personified the 22:40 highest Creator God himself all initiative rested in their 22:45 hands all action was carried out at their command and their Authority was 22:54 unquestionable the Pharaoh of the pyramid age was the sole owner of Egypt and its inhabitants and Matt was 23:01 essentially his will all higher offices were occupied by their royal family the 23:08 hierarchy was therefore predetermined and obvious to everyone a strongly 23:14 centralized State set common goals engaged enormous resources and masses of 23:19 people in large construction projects including the construction of the Great 23:26 Pyramids The Craft and arts were monopolized by the state they remained 23:31 almost entirely in the service of the Royal Funeral cult and were organized 23:37 almost like an army men working on the pyramid complexes came from all parts of 23:43 the country were barracked in the large workers Villages of Giza and sent to 23:49 work in rotation based on archaeological data it's believed that they worked in good 23:55 conditions most likely with a sense of unity and religious Duty perhaps even 24:01 with enthusiasm it was probably then that the 24:07 Egyptians national identity was shaped Unity mutuality solidarity and following 24:15 their Divine ruler future Generations were to refer to such attitudes in their 24:20 following centuries the Ancients perceived the pyramid age as the Golden 24:26 Age a glorious time it was during the Old Kingdom that the 24:32 rules of the Canon of proportions in art were established for the sake of order 24:38 and balance unity and consistency artists in the service of the state 24:43 created in line with the spirit of M any manifestations of individualism in art 24:50 appeared only in times of Crisis during the late Old Kingdom and concerned only 24:57 private commissions M was the principle of 25:04 durability continuity and endless existence the Egyptians who were particularly focused on the funeral cult 25:11 saw mat's Liberation from Death so they lived in such a way as to inscribe 25:17 themselves in their social memory to gain the love of their fellowmen who would take care of the cult of the 25:24 deceased so that their grave would be respected and their name remembered the 25:29 best means to Des end was of course a Monumental tomb the only chance to have 25:35 it was faithful service to the king the beautifully decorated Interiors 25:42 of the mastabas of the late Old Kingdom show sces of the Triumph of mad over 25:48 chaos isfet the constant expansion of the cultivation areas by building canals 25:55 extermination of crocodiles and hippopotami that threatened people and domestic animals the hunting of desert 26:02 predators that attacked cattle the capture of wild birds for breeding 26:08 purposes in a word the triumph over the Wilderness symbolizing chaos building 26:15 the state in place of wilderness the constant expansion of 26:22 M inscriptions inside the mastabas scult Chapels refer to M only in a short words 26:28 such as I spoke m i did M or I served the king who loves M these obvious 26:35 phrases refer to the state Cult of M that was realized by the king the king 26:41 without whom M would disappear and Humanity would sink into 26:47 chaos the growing crisis of the late Old Kingdom probably caused by a series of 26:52 climatic catastrophes and the progressing political disintegration of the state led to its collapse in the 27:00 22nd century BC the first intermediate period was a dark age in Egyptian 27:05 history a time of social unrest lawlessness and famine Nars independent 27:12 of Memphis ruled conflicted with each other small states like pharaohs not 27:17 always justly it was then that for the first time the country and its inhabitants 27:24 faced the absence of M as a centralist State 27:30 ideology with the fall of the old order came a time of doubt and even open 27:36 criticism which resulted in the flourishing of literature of protest 27:41 social solidarity and protection of the weaker became the subject of the treaties of the time but the word mat 27:49 itself was avoided and became a kind of 27:55 taboo the warlike rulers of Thieves from the 11th Dynasty in the 21st century BC 28:01 United the country rebuil the Empire and most importantly like the mythological 28:07 Horus triumphing over Seth restored M which not only returns as the state 28:14 ideology of the Middle Kingdom but reaches its climax but this isn't the 28:19 old M something evident apparent the Divine will of the king now the 28:26 Egyptians have to constantly strive for the New Order fight for 28:33 it it was the time of famous moral treatises poetic texts dealing with the 28:39 need for solidarity and cooperation traumatized authors of the Middle Kingdom were returning to the times of 28:46 their first intermediate period as a warning a perfect example is the tale of 28:52 the eloquent peasant from the 12th Dynasty founding the thean rasi 28:58 it tells the story of a certain inhabitant of an oasis who while leading donkeys encounters a noble man who 29:06 spreads his robe on the road thus forcing The Peasant to deviate from the 29:12 road and pass him while riding through a private grain 29:17 field this was an excuse for the official to confiscate the unfortunate men's animals and goods that he was 29:25 carrying for sale The Peasant protesting against against the lawlessness was also beaten he went to the local governor for 29:33 justice The Peasant takes his complaints to the Chief Stewart delivering speeches 29:38 so eloquently that he astonishes the official the Chief Stewart informs his 29:45 King NEPA who Reigns in nearby heracleopolis about everything in order 29:50 to hear more of beautifully spoken wisdom they decide to hold the peasant 29:55 as long as possible keeping him in uncertainty about the verdict the 30:00 resident of the Oasis calls out quote do you expect to live forever surely these 30:08 things are wrong a balance which tilt a plet which S A precise and honest man 30:16 who becomes a deceiver behold M flees from you driven from her throne Nobles 30:24 perpetrate crimes and rectitude of speech is overturned judges steal what 30:31 has already been stolen and he who can twist a matter in just the right way can 30:36 make a mockery of it he who supplies the winds languishes on the ground he who 30:44 refreshes the nostrils now causes men to gasp the Arbiter is now a thief and he 30:53 who should quell distress is one who creates its origin the town is flooded 31:00 with [Music] wrong The Humble peasant makes Bold 31:07 complaints to the higher officials so that Divine Law can return to Egypt as 31:13 the Egyptians believed order and balance will come back when not an individual 31:18 but the whole society returns to Divine Law in a strongly hierarchical Egypt the 31:25 ruling class therefore were the Great responsibility 31:31 quote Chief Stewart my Lord you are R the Lord of Heaven with your attendance 31:37 the provisions of all mankind are from you as from the flood you are happy who 31:43 makes V and the fields and revives the desert Punisher of the thief defender of 31:49 the distressed become not a raging torrent against the supplicant be 31:54 vigilant against the approach of Eternity chair ious length of life for 32:00 as is the saying to do mad is the breath of the 32:10 nostrils this is a new meaning of M developed in the Middle Kingdom he who 32:15 does Justice will be rewarded with it both in life and after death 32:21 quote ride the waves so as to do mad be on guard for you could run a ground 32:28 through that tiller robe but the stability of the land is to do mad do 32:34 not utter falsehood for you are noble do not be Petty for you are distinguished 32:41 do not utter falsehood for you are a balance do not go off course for you are 32:49 impartiality behold you are the sole one with the balance if it waivers then you 32:55 will waver the bitter words of the Oasis dweller 33:03 must be heard no one can be indifferent to the words of truth regardless of 33:08 whether he's a dignitary or a peasant among the long list of sins of the 33:14 famous negative confession in the Book of the Dead we find I was not deaf to 33:21 their words of truth a good man therefore had not only to do mad speak m 33:27 M but also listen to M quote be patient so that you may learn 33:36 m control your own preference so that the humble petitioner May gain there's 33:42 no impetuous man who attains to Excellence there is no impatient man to 33:47 whom Authority is given let your eyes see let your heart be instructed do not 33:53 be tyrannical in your power that evil may not overtake you 34:01 the Egyptians attached great importance to their Power of Words both good and 34:07 bad insult slander and calumny were treated as equal to 34:13 Deeds they protected themselves from slander by praying to the gods the 34:18 Pharaoh himself was ritually protected from it they believed that since truth 34:24 gives life a lie brings death gentle manners and general friendliness were 34:30 therefore an important element in doing and receiving Ma and in this way 34:36 building social order unity and 34:47 solidarity one of the most famous moral treatises of ancient Egypt can be found on several papyri from different periods 34:55 the maxims of tah hotep copied and studied by the Ancients were supposed to come from the sixth Dynasty but this 35:02 isn't settled according to many researchers it's another dactic text of 35:07 the Middle Kingdom from the 12th Dynasty at that time references to the Old 35:13 Kingdom were often made to create colorful often fantastic stories about 35:18 famous pharaohs from the past about the times of the Builders of the Great 35:25 Pyramids this text was supposed to have been written by the old retiring visier 35:31 pahp and addressed to his son of the same name who was expecting to take over 35:37 his father's duties as the highest official in the service of the 35:44 Pharaoh interestingly I admired their magnificent neighboring mastabas in Sakara many times myself so they were 35:52 undoubtedly historical figures the maxims of tah hotep is a kind of 35:57 etiquette manual the old viser good advice was read by Nobles members of the 36:03 upper classes even during the New Kingdom Here we find prosaic advice 36:09 useful in everyday life such as if you come up against an aggressive adversary 36:16 a man of low standing one who is not your equal do not assail him in accordance with his lowly estate leave 36:24 him be and he will confound himself we can also find their more significant 36:32 wisdom quote if you are a ruler responsible for the concerns of the populace search for 36:39 every opportunity to do good so that there may be no shortcoming in your 36:46 actions great is M and its foundation is firmly established it has not been 36:52 shaken since the time of Osiris and he who violates the laws 36:58 must be punished the visier advises his 37:03 successor to act morally to do m in his office at the same time he warns him 37:10 against a sinful improper inner life and against mistakes in building 37:16 relationships with the loved ones so that he's also the one who accepts M he 37:22 has a particular aversion to Greed which destroys interpersonal relationship ship 37:28 community and solidarity on which the Divine social order is based here are 37:34 some of the many pieces of advice paho gave to his 37:39 son guard yourself against the blemish of greediness for it is a grave 37:44 Affliction of an incurable disease and those who fall into it cannot recover it 37:51 creates dissension among fathers mothers and maternal Brothers he who obeys his 37:57 heart will keep everything in order be generous as long as you live for what 38:03 goes out from the storehouse does not go back in and men are eager for bread 38:10 which is freely given he whose stomach is empty is an accuser and such an 38:16 opponent becomes a bringer of War punish soundly and reprimand thoroughly for the 38:23 Restraint of evil will reinforce morality Behold a good son who is given by God is 38:32 one who exceeds what was told him by his master he will perform M for his heart 38:39 will have controlled his actions I enjoyed 110 years of life given to me by 38:46 the king and honors surpassing those of my predecessors all of this came to pass 38:53 because my doing mad for the king until I I reached the state of 38:59 [Music] 39:07 veneration mat was what United generations of Egyptians over the centuries even Millenia it was one of 39:14 the permanent elements almost unchanged while new theological Trends conquered 39:20 Egypt already in the fifth Dynasty a new mysterious Cult of Osiris was introduced 39:26 at the memphite Court Osiris became the new god of the dead and replaced the ancient Annubis in 39:34 this role he was included as a central figure in the traditional founding myth 39:39 of Egypt that is the fight between korus and Seth as well as in the Solar myths 39:46 associated with the funeral cult as evidenced by the pyramid texts that appeared in the 24th century 39:55 BC the new religion of Osiris makes an incredible career in the difficult times 40:02 of their first intermediate period And in the treshold of the Middle Kingdom 40:07 it's already followed by the 40:12 masses in times of chaos disunity and the absence of a single King ruling over 40:19 the two lands Osiris largely takes over his role a king who defeats death rises 40:26 from the dead while guaranteeing The Rebirth of the land the cyclicality of the Nile floods disrupted as we know at 40:33 the end of the Old Kingdom however the religion of Osiris is much more it promises eternal life to 40:42 all people not just the rulers the Egyptians Lear that like the rulers have 40:49 bar Soul capable of traveling to the afterlife instead of only lasting hiding 40:57 in their graves with their car they can achieve true immortality like gods live 41:04 forever in a Land of happiness in the fields of reads somewhere far away Among 41:10 the Stars where the sun sails in its nocturnal 41:17 bark of course only a pharaoh or a God can enjoy such eternal life however this 41:24 isn't an obstacle since anyone can be reborn in the dead god king 41:29 Osiris everyone can become God after death this is a real Revolution that 41:35 will change everything and above all funeral rights however one thing remains 41:43 unchanged the condition for their souls to undertake that dangerous journey through Duart the kingdom of Osiris is 41:50 to live in accordance with mat 41:57 despite the new groundbreaking concept of bam as is the case with the ancient Egyptians the earlier beliefs are not 42:04 questioned the deceased both in the form of a mummified and spiritual body that 42:10 is Kat and sah still inhabits the tomb the tomb still maintains the presence of 42:17 his name Ren however as an almost Divine being ba leaves the tomb and enters the 42:24 Land of the Dead the coexisting concepts of the soul mean 42:30 its multiplicity of aspects ba a mobile Soul endowed with 42:37 exceptional features such as shape shifting the ability to fly must go 42:42 through many dangerous stages in the afterlife pass the test survive numerous 42:48 funeral texts inform us about this however its main challenge the condition 42:54 of immortality is that justif ation of the deceased at the Judgment of 43:02 Osiris the idea of the Judgment of the Dead wasn't new in the Old Kingdom it 43:08 was believed that the deceased could be brought to court the dead judge still 43:14 performed His function and the Pharaohs judged the inhabitants of their cities 43:19 of the Dead their cemeteries surrounding their pyramids the wicked tomb robbers are 43:26 judged before God by the deceased owners of the robbed tombs as the justice of M 43:33 was binding on the living and the dead at the Judgment of Osiris however the 43:38 deceased isn't confronted with an opponent but only with the general principle of 43:45 M this is a court before which everyone must stand and its verdict is absolute 43:52 and irrevocable the stakes are high immortality 44:00 man of the Old Kingdom was content only with continuing to exist after death of 44:06 course if he did Matt Matt itself was the principle of continuity and 44:11 durability whoever followed it became imperishable thanks to a good life 44:17 respect for the community solidarity and the love he showed he can continue to 44:22 exist on Earth because he receives gifts in his culture his car is fed his loved ones remember 44:31 him and thanks to their tomb his name lasts forever however his continued existence 44:38 is largely conditioned by The Cult of the disease that is by the 44:45 living the religion of Osiris on the other hand promised the Egyptians unconditional immortality regardless of 44:53 the attitude of the living the living have no influence on the immortality of 44:58 The Souls of their loved ones but in cult chapels they can still feed hungry 45:03 Souls wondering the doat the final fate of the deceased was solely in his hands 45:11 as one can easily notice while in the mastabas of the Old Kingdom the main motive of decoration is the endless 45:19 processions of offerings to the deceased in later tombs for example those of the 45:24 New Kingdom images of DS and spells taken from funeral books are 45:35 omnipresent the deceased is Abal alone in the afterlife his hope is the secret 45:40 knowledge of the duat recorded in a funeral texts knowledge of spells and prayers but above all the purity of his 45:48 heart according to the oyan religion the carrier of M in order for the deceased to become an 45:56 immortal mortal god Osiris his heart had to be filled with a M in connection with 46:02 this new theology already at the end of the Old Kingdom heartshaped amulets 46:08 appear and hearts left in mommies were protected by specific spells and 46:14 talismans as a special part of the Soul referred to as EB the heart showed the 46:21 truth about himself regardless of the will of the deceased in the Book of the 46:26 Dead We we read I feed on mat I exist through it I 46:33 am Horus in the heart amidst the entrails I feed on what I say my heart 46:39 exists let it not be stolen my heart belongs to me let it not be harmed I 46:46 feed on mat I eat [Music] 46:54 mat he who rejects m arms his heart as they said it concerns more the inner 47:01 conscience of man than the cocreation of the social order it was a completely new 47:07 Transcendent model of Egyptian spirituality according to the Book of 47:14 the Dead the most popular funeral text from the New Kingdom practically two Roman times the deceased entering the 47:21 abot of Osiris the Hall of M before reciting a negative confession in front 47:27 of the members of the Divine tribunal addresses as if with a prec confession 47:33 directly to their god of the Dead Osiris the Lord of M 47:40 quote in truth I have come unto thee I have brought M to thee I have done away 47:48 sin for thee I have not committed sins against men I have not opposed my family and 47:56 kins folk I have not acted fraudulently in the seed of truth I have not known 48:02 men who were of no account I have not wrought evil I have not made it to be 48:08 the first consideration daily that unnecessary work should be done for me I 48:14 have not brought forward my name for dignities I have not attempted to direct 48:20 servants I have not belittled God I have not defrauded the humble men of his 48:27 property I have not done what the gods abominate I have not vilified a slave to 48:33 his master I have not inflicted pain I have not caused anyone to go hungry I 48:40 have not made any man to weep I have not committed murder I have not given the 48:46 order for murder to be committed I have not caused calamities to befall men and 48:52 women I have not plundered the offerings in the temples I have not defrauded the 48:58 guts of their cake offerings I have not carried off the fu Cates offered to the 49:05 spirits I have not committed fornication I have not masturbated in the 49:10 sanctuaries of the god of my city I have not diminished from The Bushel I have 49:17 not filed land from my neighbor's estate and added it to my own acre I have not 49:23 encroached upon the fields of others I have have not added to the weights of 49:28 the scales I have not depressed the pointer of the balance I have not 49:34 carried away the milk from the mouths of children I have not driven the cattle 49:40 away from their postures I have not snared the geese in the goose pants of 49:45 the Gods I'm almost done I have not caught fish with bait 49:53 made of the bodies of the same kind of fish I have not stopped water when it should 50:00 flow I have not made a cutting in a canal of running water I have not 50:07 extinguished a fire when it should burn I have not violated the times of 50:12 offering the chosen meat offerings I have not driven away the cattle on the 50:18 Estates of the Gods I have not turned back the god at his appearences I am 50:25 pure I am pure I am 50:37 pure nothing could be hidden in the presence of M and the inevitability of 50:42 osar judgment was a metaphysical guaran of Earthly morality each of the listed 50:49 sins against mat was known to all Egyptians the actual negative confession 50:55 addressed to the 40 two Gods the assessors of M consisted of 42 sins 51:02 there were therefore twice as many of them as in the so-called precon fession don't worry I'm not going to 51:09 list them 51:16 now sins were called doing isfet this means the opposite of M it can be 51:23 understood as chaos and Injustice doing evil negative confession is the 51:29 renunciation of isfet by observing prohibitions the breaking of which 51:34 threatens the loss of a person's Purity the purity of his heart but also weak 51:40 and smart as a general Cosmic principle so it's a crime against the Creator and 51:45 all creation hence there's no mercy for Sinners Whom The Book of the Dead calls 51:52 enemies of Osiris the decisive moment of judgment 51:57 according to the Book of the Dead is of course the weighing of the deceased heart numerous colorful vignettes of 52:04 Papyrus copies of the book depict these scenes very literally they show a grim 52:10 Annubis as the guardian of the scales who places the deceased heart on one 52:15 scale and mat's feather on the other if the heart is heavier than M's feather it 52:22 means that all Declarations of Innocence made by the dece CE are 52:29 lies as an enemy of Osiris he must therefore be destroyed immediately his 52:35 continued existence is a weakening of M also as a force maintaining the universe 52:41 in Balance the sinner's heart is devoured and their soul perishes in 52:47 hellish torments in the place of annihilation the Divine recorder the gut 52:54 of wisdom thought also known as master of M who is present at the weighing of 52:59 the heart records and announces the result of the weighing if it's favorable 53:05 for the deceased he is called ma true of Voice or 53:14 justified in the vignettes of the Book of the Dead we see the joy of the deceased who becomes Mar hero raises 53:21 both hands in a triumphant gesture in each hand and on the hat that he Seas 53:26 has M feathers in this triumphant attire he is Led before the face of the Lord of 53:33 M Osiris who allows him to live in Paradise in their field of 53:42 reads although the afterlife seems chaotic and incomprehensible at first 53:47 glance it is mad that triumphs here evil is destroyed good is rewarded and the 53:54 inhabitants of doat even the most most terrifying guard M and their actions 54:00 also serve the continuation of M on 54:10 Earth the New Kingdom was a time of gradual degradation of the old position 54:15 of M as the Supreme Cosmic force and the primordial law binding gods and people 54:22 subsequent rulers of Egypt whose right to rule could be questioned such as hatut hamap and especially the first Ram 54:30 seeds legitimize their power by referring more and more often to Divine 54:35 will a construction somewhat more flexible than the predetermined order of 54:43 M whether called a Tuma or amoon the great God creator establishes in his 54:50 grace the Pharaoh as his Pious servant the position of the Pharaoh even if he 54:56 deifies himself during his lifetime as in the case of ramases the great or Ramis II in the theological sense 55:04 weakens substantially in time it's no longer the pharaoh who realizes M but 55:11 the gods who take care of Justice by punishing and rewarding everyone 55:17 individually in place of social religious concept of M full of subtle 55:23 Mutual dependencies the state idea sent thir around the Pharaoh a new type of 55:29 religiosity appears in the New Kingdom internal piety and individual personal 55:35 relation with the Creator God it gradually leads to the loosening of old 55:40 interpersonal bonds and the growth of the importance of the clergy especially 55:46 the priest of Amon in the late New Kingdom serving the cult and the famous Oracle in 55:53 carnak the cult of a moon which cultural and political importance was constantly 55:58 growing in Egypt which partially contributed to the fall of the New Kingdom and the disintegration of unity 56:05 of the Egyptian State nevertheless ma remained an 56:11 essential element of Egyptian spirituality until late Antiquity eventually giving way to the second 56:19 great religious doctrine of Egypt Christianity [Music] 56:28 it's worth remembering today what this extraordinary complex and Rich concept 56:34 was which occupied the minds and hearts of Egyptians for thousands of years the 56:40 idea of M was perfectly summarized by the German egyptologist zek freed morren 56:46 let's listen m is the right state of nature and Society established in the act of 56:53 creation and henceforth perceived depending on circumstances as what is 56:59 right and what is proper as well as law order Justice and Truth this state must 57:06 be in every Regard in matters Great and Small protected or introduced so that M 57:13 which was established in the first place as the right order becomes the goal and 57:19 task Of Human [Music] Action I hope you learn something new 57:26 about the beliefs of ancient Egyptians thank you for listening please let me know in the comments what you wouldd 57:32 like to hear about next time I'd also like to thank all my patrons thank you 57:38 so much you're simply Beyond if you don't support me yet but would like to I placed my patreon link below in the 57:46 description don't forget to like my video And subscribe to my channel goodbye and see you on the next one 57:56 oh [Music]
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• Egyptian Book of the Dead EXPLAINED -... 
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